Tocqueville et le Despotisme de la Majorité
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- «Lorsqu'on vient à examiner quel est aux Etat-unis l'exercice de la pensée, c'est alors qu'on aperçoit bien clairement à quel point la puissance de la majorité surpasse toutes les puissances que nous connaissons en Europe.
La pensée est un pouvoir invisible et presque insensible qui se joue de toutes les tyrannies. De nos jours, les souverains les plus absolue de l'Europe ne sauraient empêcher certaines pensées hostile à leur autorité de circuler sourdement dans leurs Etats et jusqu'au sein de leurs cours. Il n'en est pas de même en Amérique : tant que la majorité est douteuse, on parle ; mais dés qu'elle est irrévocablement prononcée, chacun se tait, et amis comme ennemis, semblent alors s'attacher de concert à son char. La raison en est simple : il n'y a pas de monarque si absolue qui puisse réunir dans sa main toutes les forces de la société et vaincre les résistances, comme peut le faire une majorité revêtue du droit de faire les lois et de les exécuter.
Un Roi d'ailleurs n'a qu'une puissance matérielle qui agit sur les actions et ne saurait atteindre les volontés ; Mais la majorité est revêtue d'une force tout à la fois matérielle et morales, qui agit sur la volonté autant que sur les actions, et qui empêche en même temps le fait et le désir de faire.
Je ne connais pas de pays où il règne, en général, moins d'indépendance d'esprit et de véritable liberté de discussion qu'en Amérique».
De la démocratie en Amérique, Alexis de Tocqueville, éditions Gallimard, pages 380-381.
- «En Amérique, la majorité trace un cercle formidable autour de la pensée. Au-dedans de ces limites, l'écrivain est libre, mais malheur à lui s'il ose en sortir. Ce n'est pas qu'il ait à craindre un autodafé, mais il est en butte à des dégoût de tous genres et à des persécutions de tous les jours. La carrière politique lui est fermée : il a offensé la seule puissance qui ait la faculté de l'ouvrir. On lui refuse tout, jusqu'à la gloire. Avant de publier ses opinions, il croyait avoir des partisans ; il lui semble qu'il n'en a plus maintenant qu'il s'est découvert à tous ; car ceux qui le blâment s'expriment hautement, et ceux qui pensent comme lui, sans avoir son courage, se taisent et s'éloignent. Il cède, il plie enfin sous l'effort de chaque jour, et rentre dans le silence, comme s'il éprouvait des remords d'avoir dit vrai.
Des chaînes et des bourreaux, ce sont là les instruments grossiers qu'employait jadis la tyrannie ; mais de nos jours la civilisations a perfectionné jusqu'au despotisme lui-même qui semblait pourtant n'avoir rien à apprendre.
Les princes avaient pour ainsi dire matérialisé la violence ; les républiques démocratiques de nos jours l'ont rendue tout aussi intellectuelle que la volonté humaine qu'elle veut contraindre. Sous le gouvernement absolue d'un seul, le despotisme, pour arriver à l'âme, frappait grossièrement le corps ; et l'âme, échappant à ces coups, s'élevait glorieuse au-dessus de lui ; mais dans les républiques démocratiques, ce n'est point ainsi que procède la tyrannie ; elle laisse le corps et va droit à l'âme. Le maître n'y dit plus : Vous penserez comme moi, ou vous mourrez ; il dit : Vous êtes libres de ne point penser ainsi que moi ; votre vie, vos biens, tout vous reste ; mais de ce jour vous êtes un étranger parmi nous.
[...] Vous resterez parmi les hommes, mais vous perdrez vos droit à l'humanité. Quand vous approcherez de vos semblables, ils vous fuiront comme un être impur ; et ceux qui croient à votre innocence, ceux-là mêmes vous abandonneront, car on les fuirait à leur tour. Allez en paix, je vous laisse la vie, mais je vous laisse pire que la mort ».
IBID pages 381-383
- «L'inquisition n'a jamais pu empêcher qu'il ne circulât en Espagne des livres contraires à la religion du plus grand nombre. L'empire de la majorité fait mieux aux Etats-Unis : elle a ôté jusqu'à la pensée d'en publier».
résumé : Alors que la puissance des despotes est matérielle, la majorité est une "force matérielle et morale qui agit sur la volonté". La majorité "trace le cercle" de la pensée, de la respectabilité. En dehors de ce cercle, toute personne est déshumanisé, ostracisée. Sous l'effet de la majorité, la violence n'est plus matérielle mais intellectuel. Contrairement au despotisme, la majorité démocratique peut frapper les "âmes". En conséquence de quoi, la majorité détruit l'indépendance d'esprit.
En substance, la majorité démocratique, par son expression, a un pouvoir de bâillonnement moral. De la crainte de ce bâillonnement, résulte un autre pouvoir : celui de fixer les conventions sociales à respecter sous peine d'ostracisme. C'est un véritable pouvoir de contrôle sur les esprits.
mais tout le monde connaît déjà khey
Tocqueville conseillait d’ailleurs la vie en petite communauté, pour éviter l’individualisme des hommes, et selon lui l’élément fédérateur devait être la religion.
Le pauvre, réseaux sociaux, grande ville déshumanisée, abandon de la religion
Le 17 octobre 2021 à 21:17:42 :
L’OP go t’intéresser à saint Simon maintenant si tu aimes la philosophie divinatoire, ces mecs ont lu les vices de nos sociétés actuelles alors qu’elles n’existaient pas, mais on préfère enseigner la pensée de Marx qui n’a jamais arrêté de se tromper
j'ai une étude de Gueniffey sur lui.
Imagine a government that fears its own people a system where open debate is seen as a threat, where gatherings are suspicious and where wealth is deliberately drained from the masses? Sounds familiar isn't it? This is tyranny as Aristotle described it over 2,300 years ago and he wasn't just theorizing about tyranny. He had personal experience with tyrants from multiple angles as a young man. In Athens he witnessed the aftermath of the rule of the 30 tyrants and later in life Aristotle had a close relationship with hermus who was the Tyrant of atarus. Combined with his studies these personal exposures to tyranny provided Aristotle with a keen insight into the nature of tyrannical rule they provided him with a nuanced understanding of how tyranny affects both societies and individuals and how philosophical principles can stand in opposition to tyrannical power. For Aristotle tyranny wasn't just about cruel dictators It was an entire system of governance an institution designed to perpetuate unjust Rule and understanding it might be just as relevant today as it was back then but why should we care about an ancient Greek philosopher thoughts on Government Because Aristotle's insights provide a framework for understanding political systems that goes far beyond his time. Aristotle's analysis helps us make sense of political phenomena so we can see it in our own rulers. Aristotle's concept of tyranny is far more nuanced than our modern notion of oppressive rule. He presents it as a distinct political institution with specific characteristics in his monumental work. He dissects tyranny itself he shows us how it's different from other forms of government including those with a single ruler a king and a tyrant might both hold absolute power but for Aristotle the distinction lies in how that power is used and for what purpose. At its foundation Aristotle defines tyranny as a system of governance that exists for the benefit of the rulers rather than the governed.
Tyranny in Aristotle's view is a Corruption of legitimate forms of government it combines all the bad elements of both oligarchy and democracy taking the concent of wealth from the former and the disregard for Law and tradition from the latter. Interestingly Aristotle notes that tyrants are often chosen from the meanest group of people. This suggests that tyranny isn't simply imposed from above but can arise from within the population especially in times of social upheaval. The result is a society where law becomes subservient to the ruler's will state resources are used for personal gain rather than public good and traditional checks on power are disrespected and eliminated. This stands in contrast to Aristotle's conception of a true king. While both a tyrant and a king might wield absolute power the key distinction lies in the purpose of their rule. Tyrant governs for personal gain a king respects the law and traditions and rules for the welfare of the community. Crucially if the people no longer want the king's rule a true king will willingly abdicate. Something Unthinkable for a tyrant. Aristotle argues that this situation makes tyranny inherently unstable when a government systematically prioritizes the interests of its rulers and their friends over the populace. It generates widespread discontent in essence. Aristotle sees tyranny not just as bad leadership but as a fundamental perversion of government's purpose. It's an institution that inverts the very reason for political Community using the state as a tool for the advantage of the few rather than the welfare of all.
According to Aristotle tyranny often emerges from within existing political systems, particularly democracies and oligarchies. The path to tyranny he argues is paved with popular support and clever manipulation of societal divisions. in democracies Aristotle observes that tyrants often start as demagogues charismatically leaders who gained popularity by championing the cause of the common people against the elite. They promised to address social inequalities and redistribute wealth. Let's look at a historical example. In Athens Pisistratus rose to power in the 6th Century Before JC. by positioning himself as a champion of the common people. He famously staged an attack on himself to gain public sympathy and a significant personal security Force which he then used to seize the Acropolis Despite twice being overthrown, Pisistratus regained power each time through a combination of popular support and strategic alliances eventually establishing a tyranny that lasted until his death. In oligarchies tyranny can arise when one member of the ruling Elite outmaneuvers the others consolidating power for themselves . This might happen through political scheming election fraud or by appealing to the disenfranchised masses for support against their fellow oligarchs. s Aristotle notes that times of social and economic upheaval are particularly ripe for the emergence of tyrants. When there's widespread discontent with the current system people become more willing to support radical changes even at the cost of their political freedoms. In other words the rise of a tyrant isn't just about one person's ambition it's a symptom of deeper institutional and societal issues including political dysfunction, economic disparities and the failure of existing systems.
This breeds a climate of suspicion where no one knows knows whom to trust. As Aristotle writes for a tyranny is not destroyed until some men come to trust each other instead of allowing free discussion and learning, tyrants promote their own narratives. They control what information is available to the public shaping what people know and think this approach prevents people from developing the critical thinking skills and knowledge that might lead them to question the tyrants rule. He also noted that tyrants often prefer foreign soldiers and administrators. over their own people. It is a mark of a tyrant to have men of foreign extraction rather than citizens as guests at table and companions feeling that citizens are hostile but strangers make no claim against him. Aristotle writes he then talks about how foreigners are more willing to act against the local population if ordered to. Constant surveillance was another tactic. Aristotle observed the Tyrant should know what every man is saying or doing he writes in his time. This meant networks of spies and informants such as the provocator of Syracuse. The goal is to make people they're always being watched leading them to censor themselves out of fear and to catch those who speak their mind. Also tyrants often invent or exaggerate external threats keeping the state always ready for war allows them to demand sacrifices from the people and label any opposition as treason. Aristotle saw how some tyrants engage their subjects in War for the purpose of keeping them in need of a leader. This diverts attention from problems at home and lets the Tyrant play the role of necessary protector.
Perhaps one of the cleverest tactics Aristotle noticed was how tyrants handle existing institutions. Instead of destroying respected offices or councils smart tyrants change them from within. They might keep the outward appearance of courts or assemblies but strip away their real power. This lets tyrants claim their following tradition and respecting long-standing laws while actually controlling everything themselves. What's crucial to understand is that these tactics don't work alone they form a system re forcing each other to create a cycle of oppression that's hard to break once it's established. The Tyrant aims at three things Aristotle writes to keep his subjects humble to perpetuate Mutual distrust among men and to cut them off from political life. Tyranny becomes entrenched not just through Force but by reshaping how Society itself works. Despite the numerous tactics tyrants use to maintain power Aristotle observed that tyrannies are often the least stable form of government. Why? And what causes the downfall of a tyrant? Aristotle identified several key factors first and foremost he noted that tyrannies often fall due to the intense hatred they generate among the population.
This hatred Aristotle says can lead to bold acts of resistance even at Great personal risk. Interestingly Aristotle points out that tyrannies can also collapse due to contempt. If a tyrant is seen as weak stupid or otherwise incompetent people might be emboldened to challenge their rule. He gives the example of sardana a palace who was reportedly overthrown after he was seen combing hair with his women or dianus of Syracuse who was attacked for being a drunkard. Another cause Aristotle identified is internal conflict within the tyrants in a circle those who are close to the Tyrant might conspire to overthrow them out of personal ambition or fear. This is particularly likely if the tyrant's chosen successors are seen as unworthy or if there's competition for influence. He also also noted that external pressures can lead to a tyrant's downfall. Other states especially democracies or aristocracies might support opposition movements or directly intervene to overthrow a tyranny. Perhaps most intriguingly Aristotle observed that some tyrannies fall not through violent overthrow but through a gradual relaxation of control . Some tyrants or their successors seeking to reduce the hatred against them might voluntarily give up some of their power inadvertently opening the door to further reforms. Finally, Aristotle makes a crucial distinction between tyrants who seize power themselves and those who inherit it. He notes hat most of those who have won tyrannies by their own effort have managed to keep their offices until the end. However those who inherit tyrannies almost all lose them quickly because these inheritors often live degenerate lives making them despicable in the eyes of the people and providing opportunities for their opponents to get rid of him.In all these cases Aristotle saw the seeds of a tyrant's destruction in the very nature of tyranny itself.
The oppression and self-interest that Define tyrannical rule ultimately generate the forces that eventually bring about its downfall.
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- montlosier
- Date de création
- 16 octobre 2021 à 22:13:52
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